Pest Insect and Disease Biology and Monitoring

• Order Mid-Atlantic Orchard Monitoring Guide
• Biological and monitoring information for orchard arthropods:
• Direct Pests of Apple - affecting the fruit directly
•     Internal Feeders
• Codling moth
• Oriental fruit moth
• Apple maggot
• Plum curculio
• European apple sawfly
• Lesser appleworm
•     External Feeders
• Tufted apple bud moth
• Variegated leafroller
• Redbanded leafroller
• Obliquebanded leafroller
• Tarnished plant bug
• Stink Bugs
• Mullein bug
• Green fruitworms
• Key for identification of larvae feeding internally in apple.
• Indirect Pests of Apple - affecting other parts of the tree (leaves, shoots, etc.)
• European red mite
• Twopotted spider mite
• Apple rust mite
• Rosy apple aphid
• Spirea and apple aphids
• Apple grain aphid
• Woolly apple aphid
• White apple and rose leafhoppers
• Potato leafhopper
• San Jose scale
• Spotted tentiform leafminer
• Lyonetia leafminer
• Borers in Apple
• Dogwood borer
• Prionus borer
• Flatheaded appletree borer (Va Tech Factsheet), and New York link
• Roundheaded appletree borer, see New York link
• Name that borer:  Key to apple borers
• Periodical cicada
• Climbing cutworms
• Fall Webworm (Va Tech Factsheet)
• Gypsy moth (Virginia Tech Gypsy Moth Site)
• Ribbed Cocoon Maker
• Cankerworms (Univ. of Kentucky site)
• Most of the preceding pest files reprinted with permission from Mid-Atlantic Orchard Monitoring Guide, published by NRAES, 152 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-5701. (607) 255-7654

• Fruit Disease Focus, prepared by Alan Biggs at the West Virginia Fruit Lab
• Fruit Insect Focus, prepared by Henry Hogmire at the West Virginia Fruit Lab

• Virginia Counties:
• 2008:  Montgomery, Madison (see Graves Apple and Peach data), Nelson, Rappahannock, Winchester
• 2007:  Montgomery, Madison (see Graves Apple and Peach data), Nelson, Rappahannock, Winchester
• 2006: Montgomery, Madison (see Graves Apple and Peach data), Nelson, Rappahannock, Winchester
• 2005: Albemarle, Amherst, Botetourt, Montgomery, Madison (see Graves Apple and Peach data), Nelson, Rappahannock, Winchester
• 2004: Albemarle, Amherst, Botetourt, Montgomery, Madison (see Graves Apple and Peach data), Nelson, Rappahannock, Winchester
• 2003: Albemarle, Amherst, Botetourt, Montgomery, Madison (see Graves Apple and Peach data), Nelson, Rappahannock, Winchester
• 2002: Albemarle (Covesville;Miller School), Amherst, Botetourt, Montgomery (also see 2001), Nelson, Patrick, Rappahannock
• Mating Disruption trap shutdown (2005, 2004, 2003, 2002)
• West Virginia

• Disease information and index of photos
• Fire blight - Michigan State University link
• Fire blight alternatives - Paul Steiner

Biological Control

• Predators of Mites and Aphids  Reprinted with permission from Mid-Atlantic Orchard Monitoring Guide, published by NRAES, 152 Riley-Robb Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-5701. (607) 255-7654

 
Predators of Mites - L.A. Hull and R. L. Horsburgh
 
• Stethorus punctum
• Amblyseius fallacis
• Zetzellia mali
• Minute pirate bugs
• Black hunter
• Predatory mirids
Predators of aphids - D. G. Pfeiffer and H. W. Hogmire
 
• Syrphid flies (Syrphid flies in Orchard Monitoring Guide)
• Aphid midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza
• Green and brown lacewings
• Ladybird beetles
• Minute pirate bugs
• Biological Control: Natural Enemies of North America (Cornell)

 
• Identification of spiders collected in Virginia apple orchards. A European site has biological information on spider families that are common in orchards in eastern North America, e.g. salticids, thomisids, and araneids in the canopy, and lycosids in the ground cover.

 
• Identification of Orchard Ground Beetles (carabids) in Virginia apple orchards, with information of their role as predators of fifth-instar codling moth (Riddick & Mills). Effect of organic conversion on carabids.
 
• Toxicity to Orchard Predators from Pesticides [from 2007 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers (Virginia, West Virginia and Maryland Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-419)]
• Entomopathogenic Nematodes
•     General information (OSU)

    Certis USA (source for entomopathogenic nematodes)

Chemical Control

• Your Nearest Poison Control Center - (800) 222-1222

• Control Recommendations (Use caution, because pest species and recommended controls vary regionally. Recommendations for commericial use and home use are made separately for specific reasons. Many pesticides used by commercial growers require applicators to be certified; these may not legally be purchased or applied by non-certified applicators. Materials recommended for home fruit production are safer for application in the typical homeowner environment.).
• Virginia, West Virginia and Maryland 2008 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers (Virginia and West Virginia Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-419) (Complete PDF version - hard copy of 2008 guide - $12.00)
  

(Abridged html version)
• IPM, Introduction
• Tables of recommendations (See UVM link for color photos of bud growth stages)
 
• Dormant
• Silver tip - Green tip
• 1/4 - 1/2 green
• Tight cluster - Prepink
• Pink and Bloom
• Petal fall
• First cover
• Second cover
• Third cover
• Fourth cover
• Fifth cover
• Sixth cover
• Seventh-eighth covers
• Postharvest
• Text on Insecticides
• Degree-day targets for CM, OFM and TBM
• Mode of action
• Text on Wildlife Management (WVU)
• Orchard Nutritional Programs (WVU)
• Nematode Management (WVU)

 
• 2008  Pest Management Guide for Home Fruit (Virginia Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-018) in PDF format(Abridged html version) (The Pest Management Guide is available on-line for free. Hard copies are also available at no cost, but must be requested and picked through your county extension office (no funds are available for mailing these publications).
  
• Disease and Insects
• Weeds
• 2008-2009 Penn State Tree Fruit Spray Recommendations
• North Carolina 2008 Pest Management Recommendations
• New England 2003-2004 (with 2005 update) Pest Management Recommendations
• New York 2008 Pest Management Recommendations
• Midwest 2008 Orchard Pest Management Recommendations
• Midwest Tree Fruit Pest Management Handbook
  
• Washington 2008 Pest Management Recommendations (PDF)


• Regulatory updates on pesticides:

• Pesticide labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), and Toxicological and environmental profiles of specific pesticides in Virginia-West Virginia-Maryland recommendations, also through CDMS link


• Pesticide labels, Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) from CDMS
 
• NPIRS State Pesticide Information Retrieval System

• Toxicity to Orchard Predators from Pesticides [from 2007 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers (Virginia and West Virginia Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-419)]
 
• Efficacy to Apple Pests of Pesticides [from 2007 Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers (Virginia and West Virginia Coop. Ext. Pub. 456-419)]
 
• Information on organic pest control.

• Modes of Action Classification Scheme for Insecticides (PDF), in Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) group site (see IRAC Classification), and Fungicides (Fungicide Resistance Action Committee (FRAC) site

• Insecticide Resistance Management (Breeze)
  

• EPA Text on Pesticide Poisoning
 
• Airblast spraying
 
• Airblast sprayer calibration (Virginia Tech)
• Instructionson Airblast Sprayer Calibration from New England
• A calculator for dilute tree-row volume sprays, from Jon Clements at University of Vermont
• A student demonstration on airblast calibration

 
• Environmental Impact Quotient, developed at Cornell University to determine the environmental impact of orchard insecticides (updated July 2003)
 
• Pesticide legislation - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (U. S. Senate web links)

• Illinois Weed Identification key (illustrated)
• WSSA (Weed Science Society of America) (includes photo gallery of weeds)
• Page from WSU

Pheromone-based Monitoring and Management

• Information on establishing a disruption block in orchards or vineyards
• Mating disruption for codling moth
• Labels for mating disruption products

• Codling moth: Isomate-C+, Isomate-C TT, Disrupt CM-Xtra, Checkmate-CM, Checkmate CM-F,
  
• Oriental fruit moth: Isomate-M100, Isomate-M Rosso, Isomate-OFM TT,  Disrupt OFM, Checkmate OFM, Checkmate -OFM-F (Suterra sprayable),
• Grape berry moth: Isomate-GBM Plus, additional site.
  
• Lesser peachtree borer: Isomate-LPTB (MSDS),
• Peachtree borer: Isomate-P  (MSDS),
  

Resistant Varieties

• Disease resistance in apple varieties

Other Topics

• Upcoming IPM conferences:
• Great Lakes Fruit & Vegetable Expo - Grand Rapids, Michigan, Dec 8-9, 2008
• Southeast Regional Fruit and Vegetable Conference - Savannah GA, Jan 8-11, 2009
• Sixth International IPM Symposium - Portland, Oregon, March 24-26, 2009
• IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Integrated Protection in Olive Crops", Cordoba Spain, 1-4 June 2009
• IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Integrated Control in Protected Crops, Mediterranean Climate", Crete Greece, 6-11 September 2009
• IOBC/WPRS Working Group "Integrated Protection in Field Vegetable Crops", Dubrovnik Croatia, 3-8 October 2009
• XVII International Plant Protection Congress - Honolulu, Hawaii, August 6 - 10, 2011
• Virginia Tech's Apple Crop Profile by Tukey et al. (2000).
• West Virginia's Processing IPM Study
• PDA links
• Apple AdVisor page
• A Course in Fruit IPM
• Syllabus for Arthropod Pest Management in Fruit Crops
• Lecture outline for apple IPM

Virginia Apple Page	Fruit Loop Homepage

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E-mail to: Douglas G. Pfeiffer