Insecticides - VA-WV-MD Spray Bulletin for Commercial Tree Fruit Growers

ABAMECTIN (ABBA, AGRI-MEK, TEMPRANO) is an insecticide/miticide formulated as a 0.15EC and a 0.7SC. Agri-Mek is registered for use in both pome fruit (spider mites, spotted tentiform leafminer, white apple leafhopper, pear psylla, pear rust mite) and stone fruit (spider mites), while Abba and Temprano are registered for use in pome fruit and plums.  Because of resistance problems commonly associated with many of these pests, abamectin should be rotated with other materials and must not be applied more than twice per season. The label rate for the 0.15EC formulation is 2.5 – 5.5 fl oz/100 gal, or 10 – 20 fl oz/acre, and a 40 fl oz/acre seasonal maximum. The rate for the 0.7SC product is 0.5 – 1.0 fl oz/100 gal, or 2.25 – 4.25 fl oz/acre, with a seasonal maximum of 4.25 fl oz /acre. Do not apply in less than 40 gal of water per acre. See label restrictions on spraying near bodies of water. Always apply these products in combination with horticultural spray oil (not a dormant oil) or a non-ionic surfactant that spreads on and/or penetrates the leaf cuticle, at a rate of 0.25% or not less than 1 gal per acre. Although other surfactants may be used, control is not as effective as with oils. While abamectin poses no incompatibility problems, be aware of compatibility problems involving oils. Proper timing is important, since the material must be absorbed by young foliage; recommended timing is within two weeks after petal fall on apples and pears. Restrictions: REI = 12 hours, PHI = 28 days for pome fruit, 21 days for stone fruit. Restricted

ABAMECTIN and THIAMETHOXAM (AGRI-FLEX) are a miticide and a neonicotinoid pre-mixed in a soluble concentrate (SC) formulation registered for use in apples and pears and provide a broader spectrum of pest activity than either product alone. Pests labeled include spider mites, various aphids, mealybugs, European apple sawfly, leafhoppers, leafminers, pear psylla and plum curculio. Agri-Flex must be used in combination with at least 1 gal per acre of horticultural spray oil (not a dormant oil) in at least 40 gpa. Due to the toxicity of thiamethoxam to bees, Agri-Flex cannot be applied in apples or pears after pre-bloom or through bloom. Optimal timing for this product, applied at 5.5 to 8.5 fl oz per acre, is in the period between petal-fall through about first cover. Two applications per season and a maximum of 17 fl oz per acre are permitted. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 35 days.

ACEQUINOCYL (KANEMITE) is a naphthoquinone derivative acaricide registered for the control of European red mite and twospotted spider mite on apple and pear. Formulated as a 15SC (suspension concentrate), it is used at the rate of 31 fl oz per acre. Kanemite acts as a mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI), blocking cellular respiration, but at a different site than other compounds. Activity occurs primarily by contact and secondarily by ingestion. Kanemite should be applied at mite threshold, and rotated with acaricides having different modes of action to minimize development of resistance.  It has been classified by EPA as a reduced risk compound.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 14 days.

ACETAMIPRID (ASSAIL) is a member of the neonicotinoid class of chemicals with registration on pone and stone fruits.  It has translaminar systemic activity and controls pests by contact and ingestion.  Like other members of this chemical class, Assail is very effective against aphids, leafhoppers, leafminers, and pear psylla, but is unique in also providing control of internal worms.  Available as a 35SG, it may be applied during the prebloom, bloom and postbloom periods at rates of 2.5 to 8.0 oz per acre, depending upon insect species.  Direct spray contact is toxic to bees, but residues are not.  Use is limited to a maximum of 4 applications and 32 oz of product per acre per season, with a minimum finished spray volume of 80 gallons per acre.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 7 days.

AZADIRACHTIN ( AZA-DIRECT, NEEMAZAD, NEEMIX) is a biological insecticide derived from nuts of the neem tree that is registered for the control of a variety of pests on all pome and stone fruits. This product is formulated as 0.082 lb (Neemazad), 0.0987 lb (Aza-Direct), or 0.34 lb (Neemix) of azadirachtin per gallon. Azadirachtin controls target pests on contact or by ingestion and acts by way of repellance, antifeedance, and interference with the molting process. These products are listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as options for organic pest management. The application rate ranges from 4 to 72 oz per acre, depending upon the product and target pest. Azadirachtin has demonstrated good to excellent control of rosy apple aphids, plant bugs, spotted tentiform leafminer, codling moth and oriental fruit moth. REI = 4 hours; PHI = 0 days.

BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS is a bacterial insecticide formulated as a wettable powder and as an aqueous concentrate. It may be recommended in combination with either an adjuvant or another insecticide, so read the label very carefully. Generally speaking, B.t. (various trade names) is most effective against newly hatched caterpillars. Death is slow because the material must be ingested and the biological action completed within the insectÕs gut before death occurs; however, larvae soon cease feeding after ingesting B.t. Rates are given on the label for each specific formulation. B.t. is particularly useful if an insecticide is required to control gypsy moth during bloom.  REI = 4 hours; PHI = 0 days.

BETA-CYFLUTHRIN (BAYTHROID XL) is a pyrethroid insecticide formulated as a 1EC and registered for control of many pests of pome and stone fruits. Application rates range from 1.4 to 2.8 fl oz per acre, depending upon the targeted pest(s). Baythroid XL is limited to a seasonal maximum of 2.8 fl oz per acre on apple and pear, and 5.6 fl oz per acre on stone fruits. It is important to note that use of the high rate of Baythroid will preclude the use of other products containing either beta-cyfluthrin (Leverage 3SE; see write-up) or the closely related compound, cyfluthrin (Tombstone; see write-up) in the same season, since the seasonal maximum allowances for beta-cyfluthrin and cyfluthrin are cumulative. Do not apply more than the combined maximum seasonal total for both active ingredients. The minimum water volume for application is 100 gal per acre on pome fruit and 50 gal per acre on stone fruit. As with other pyrethroids, postbloom use may cause outbreaks of mites and secondary pests. Restrictions: REI = 12 hours, PHI = 7 days.

BIFENAZATE (ACRAMITE, BANTER) is a miticide formulated as Acramite 50WS, Banter SC, and Banter WDG for control of European red mite and two-spotted spider mite in pome and stone fruit at 12.0 – 16 oz per acre or 12.0 – 16. fl oz per acre. It should be applied only once per season in a minimum of 50 gallons per acre. These products provide quick knockdown activity through contact and long residual control, but are not systemic, so thorough coverage of upper and lower leaf surfaces is necessary. The use of an adjuvant to improve coverage, and to lower the pH and reduce the hardness of spray water is recommended for these products. They are a good fit for summer use at low mite threshold, in rotation with other miticides. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 7 days (pome fruit) or 3 days (stone fruit).

BIFENTHRIN (BIFENTURE, BRIGADE) is a pyrethroid insecticide registered for control of numerous insect and mite pests on pear. Bifenthrin is formulated as a 2EC and a 10DF, while Brigade is formulated as a WSB. Application rates are 2.6 – 12.8 fl oz per acre (Bifenture 2EC), 6.4 – 32 oz per acre (Bifenture 10DF) and 2.6 – 12.8 oz per acre (Brigade WSB) (see labels for pest-specific rates). Seasonal maximum allowances per acre are 32.0 fl oz (Bifenture 2EC) and 80 oz (Bifenture 10DF, Brigade WSB), with not more than 72 oz of Bifenture 10DF or Brigade WSB after petal-fall and not more than 28.8 fl oz of Bifenture 2EC after petal-fall. Minimum application interval is 20 days for all formulations. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 14 days.

BUPROFEZIN (CENTAUR) is an insect growth regulator registered for use on stone and pome fruits.  Formulated as a 70WDG, Centaur is labeled for the control of scales, leafhoppers, and pear psylla.  The active ingredient acts as a chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, and therefore has primary activity on the nymphal stages of these pests.  Although adult insects are not controlled, there is some reduction in egg laying and viability of eggs.  Insect uptake of Centaur is primarily through contact, with some vaporization for a period of time after application.  Centaur is to be applied at 34.5 oz/acre, with a maximum per year of one application on apple, and two applications on pear and stone fruits.  REI = 12 hours; PHI =  14 days.

CARBARYL (SEVIN) is formulated as a 50W and 80S powder and used at the rate of from 1.0 to 2.0 lb per 100 gal of spray. Carbaryl is highly effective in codling moth and Japanese beetle control. It is somewhat effective on several other insects, including aphids and leafrollers. Carbaryl reduces fruit set on some varieties of apple when applied within 30 days of bloom, and it is suggested as a chemical fruit thinner on Red Delicious, Winesap, and Rome. Mite populations have a tendency to increase following carbaryl sprays because of suppression of predatory species. Because of its low mammalian toxicity, carbaryl is one of the few insecticides that can be used to within 3 days of harvest. Formulations that are less toxic to honey bees, such as Sevin-XLR Plus, are available. Such formulations have increased residual activity.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 3 days.

CHLORANTRANILIPROLE (ALTACOR) is registered on pome and stone fruits for the control of Lepidopteran insects and European apple sawfly, with suppression of apple maggot, cherry fruit fly, plum curculio and white apple leafhopper. Altacor is a member of the anthranilic diamide class of insecticides with a novel mode of action on insect ryanodine receptors. It has some contact activity, but is most effective through ingestion of treated plant surfaces. Insects exposed to Altacor will rapidly stop feeding, become paralyzed, and die within 1-3 days. Altacor has provided outstanding control of internal worms (codling moth, oriental fruit moth) and leafrollers in numerous tests conducted in the mid-Atlantic region. Available as a 35WG, rate of application is 2.5-4.5 oz per acre on pome fruits and 3-4.5 oz per acre on stone fruits in a minimum of 100 gal of water per acre. Do not use an adjuvant in combination with Altacor on cherries or within 60 days of harvest on pome fruits. For resistance management, make no more than 3 successive applications per generation of insect species, and treat the following generation with a product having a different mode of action. REI =  4; PHI = 5 days (pome fruits), 10 days (stone fruits).

CHLORPYRIFOS (LORSBAN, NUFOS, YUMA) is available in several formulations registered for use as a foliar application in the dormant or delayed dormant period against aphids and scale in apples, scale in stone fruits and pear psylla in pears. One application of chlorpyrifos is allowed per season in apples, regardless of the formulation used or the pest(s) targeted for control. The liquid Lorsban formulations (Advanced 3.8E and 4E) contain slightly different amounts of chlorpyrifos but have identical rate ranges. Lorsban Advanced contains less volatile organic compounds (VOC) and therefore is a low-odor formulation. All formulations are registered for use as a trunk drench application against peachtree and lesser peachtree borers in peaches, nectarines and cherries. A single trunk drench spray per season is permitted in peaches and nectarines and up to three drench applications in cherry. A handgun application of 100 gallons should treat 75 to 100 large trees or 100 to 125 small trees. Prevent spray contact with fruit and do not use within 14 days of harvest on bearing trees. Good results for both species have been obtained when the material was applied immediately after harvest. All formulations are registered for use as a post-bloom trunk drench spray against dogwood borer in apples. The recommended rate for control of dogwood borer is 1.5 qt (Advanced 3.8E or 4E) or 2 lb (75WG) per 100 gal water. Use restrictions include a single application only to the lower 4 ft of the trunk from a distance of not more than 4 ft, using low-volume or shielded spray equipment. Spray contact with fruit and foliage is prohibited and application must not be made within 28 days of harvest. A single application during prebloom or early postbloom will effectively control dogwood borer. REI = 96 hours, see Table 26 for PHI.

CLOFENTEZINE (APOLLO) (42% suspension concentrate) is registered on apple, pear, peach, nectarine and cherry, for European red mite and twospotted spider mite. Apollo is effective against eggs and very young mites. If active mites are present, include another miticide for control. Use at 4-8 fl oz per acre or 1-2 fl oz per 100 gal. Apply only one application per season up to 45 days before harvest on apple and at first sign of mite activity on other crops.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 45 days (apples), 21 days (all others).

CLOTHIANIDIN (BELAY) is a neonicotinoid insecticide registered for use on pome fruit and peaches. Formulated as a 2.13SC, Belay is labeled at 4 to 12 fl oz per acre in pome fruits for aphids, leafhoppers, leafminers, plum curculio, apple maggot, codling moth, pear psylla, scale, plant bugs and stink bugs. In peaches, Belay is labeled at 3 to 6 fl oz per acre for aphids. Leafhoppers, scale, plum curculio, plant bugs and stink bugs.  The seasonal maximum per acre is 12 fl oz.  Restrictions: REI = 12 hours, PHI = 7 days in pome fruit and 21 days in peaches.

Codling moth granulovirus (CYD-X, CARPOVIRUSINE, MADEX) is an insecticidal virus for control of codling moth larvae, and in the case of Madex, also oriental fruit moth larvae.  CYD-X and Carpovirusine are registered for use on apple, pear, plum (CYD-X only), and walnut, while Madex is registered for use on both pome and stone fruits.  This group of viruses has been found only in invertebrates and they do not infect vertebrates or plants. Product must be ingested to be effective. The virus spreads from gut cells to other tissues, killing larvae in 3 to 7 days, depending on dosage and temperature. Dead larvae eventually disintegrate and release billions of new infectious units, which can infect other larvae. Timing virus sprays to target young larvae at the beginning of each generation is important and two applications per generation are recommended. Although Madex can be used to control both codling moth and oriental fruit moth larvae, it does not need be applied at timings that would affect both species simultaneously, rather it can be applied against one and/or the other at the appropriate timings (DD-based timings are the same as for products like Altacor and Delegate). Virus should be refrigerated or frozen during storage as continuous exposure to temperatures above 86°F can inactivate the product. All products are listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) and approved for organic production. REI = 4 hours, PHI = 0 days.

CYANTRANILIPROLE (EXIREL) is registered on pome and stone fruits for the control of certain chewing and sucking insects. Exirel is a member of the anthranilic diamide class of insecticides (Group 28) with a novel mode of action on insect ryanodine receptors.  It is the first chemical in its class to target sap-feeding aphids. Exirel has provided excellent control of Lepidopteran insects and rosy apple aphid in tests conducted in the mid-Atlantic region. Formulated as a 0.83SE (suspoelmulsion; oil in water emulsion), application rates range from 8.5-20.5 fl oz per acre on pome fruits (100-150 GPA recommended spray volume) and 10-20.5 fl oz per acre on stone fruits (100-150 GPA recommended spray volume), depending upon the target pest.  Because Exirel is chemically related to Altacor and Belt, these products should not be rotated against successive generations of the same insect species in order to avoid the development of resistance. Exirel is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or to residues on plant surfaces. Therefore, do not apply the product, or allow it to drift, to blooming crops or weeds while bees are foraging adjacent to the treated area. Total seasonal applications are limited to 0.4 lb per acre. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 3 days.

CYANTRANILIPROLE AND ABAMECTIN (MINECTO PRO) is a premixture of 12.7% cyantraniliprole and 2.68% abamectin, formulated as a suspension concentrate (SC) and labelled for use in pome and stone fruit at a rate of 8.0 – 12.0 fl oz per acre. Because it contains abamectin, Minecto Pro must always be mixed with a non-ionic wetting, spreading, and/or penetrating adjuvant or horticultural oil (not a dormant oil) to avoid illegal residues. In pome fruit, Minecto Pro will provide excellent control of codling moth, oriental fruit moth, leafrollers, and larvae of other moth pests and, at the 10.0 – 12.0 fl oz rate, good control of plum curculio and pear psylla. In stone fruit, it is labelled for use against the same moth pests and peach twig borer, as well as cherry fruit fly at 8.0 – 12.0 fl oz. At the higher rates, it is labeled for spotted wing drosophila, black cherry aphid, Japanese beetle, and plum curculio in stone fruit. This product also will provide excellent control of spider mite pests in both crop groups. In pome fruit, Minecto Pro should be applied before the leaves have hardened, enabling abamectin to move into leaves for UV protection and residual effectiveness against spider mites. Minecto Pro is toxic to pollinators and the bee warning on its label must be followed to protect pollinators. Restrictions for both crop groups include a seasonal maximum allowance is of fl oz per acre, use only after petal fall, and a minimum 21-day reapplication interval. Note that use of other products containing the same active ingredients (e.g. Agri-Mek, Abba, Temprano, Agri-Flex, Exirel) will affect the seasonal maximum allowance for Minecto Pro. Because cyantraniliprole is related to chlorantraniliprole, Minecto Pro should not be rotated with products such as Altacor, Besiege, or Voliam Flexi against successive generations of the same pest species (e.g. codling moth) to avoid resistance development. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 28 days (pome fruit) or 21 days (stone fruit).

CYFLUMETOFEN (NEALTA) is a contact acaricide registered on pome fruits for the control of European red mite and twospotted spider mite.  Nealta acts as a mitochondria complex II electron transport inhibitor, blocking cellular respiration, but at a different site than other compounds. Formulated as a soluble concentrate (SC), Nealta is used at the rate of 13.7 fl oz per acre (100 GPA minimum spray volume).  Because Nealta is not systemic, thorough coverage of both upper and lower leaf surfaces is necessary for effective control.  Applications should be applied at mite threshold, and rotated with acaricides having different modes of action to minimize development of resistance.  Total seasonal applications are limited to 27.4 fl oz per acre. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 7 days.

CYFLUTHRIN (TOMBSTONE) is a pyrethroid registered for the control of many fruit pests on apple, pear and all stone fruits. Formulated as a 1EC, application rates range from 1.4 to 2.8 fl oz per acre, depending upon insect species. Tombstone is limited to a season maximum of 2.8 fl oz per acre on apple and pear, and 5.6 fl oz per acre on stone fruits. It is important to note that use of the high rate of Tombstone will preclude the use of other products containing the closely related compound beta-cyfluthrin (Baythroid 1EC or Leverage 3SE; see write-ups) in the same season, since the seasonal maximum allowances for beta-cyfluthrin and cyfluthrin are cumulative. Do not apply more than the combined seasonal maximum for both active ingredients. The minimum water volume for ground application is 100 gal per acre on apple and pear, and 50 gal per acre on stone fruits. As with other pyrethroids, postbloom use is likely to cause outbreaks of mites and secondary pests. REI = 12-hours; PHI = 7-days.

DIAZINON is formulated as a 50W powder and 4E liquid, and used at the rate of 1.0 lb and 1.0 pt per 100 gal of spray. This organophosphate insecticide is registered for control of many tree fruit insects. The 4E formulation (AG500) is only registered on stone fruits. It is moderately toxic to mammals. It has demonstrated efficacy in control of rosy apple aphid, San Jose scale and woolly apple aphid.  REI = 96 hours; PHI = 21 days.

DIFLUBENZURON (DIMILIN) is a chitin biosynthesis inhibitor, disrupting the molting process.  It is registered on pear for control of pear psylla and suppression of codling moth.  Control of pear psylla is greatest prebloom, and should be timed to oviposition periods; thereafter suppression only may be achieved.  It may be applied post bloom, but avoid combinations with oil in such applications.  It is also effective against codling moth.  It is formulated as a 2L and a 25W product, and recommended at 40-48 fl oz and 2.5-3 lb per acre, respectively.  Delayed dormant applications should include a horticultural mineral oil at the rate of 4-6 gallons per acre.  After delayed dormant, through popcorn stage, add oil at 0.25%, not to exceed 1 gallon per acre.  Do not make more than four applications per season, or exceed 64 fl oz per acre per year.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 14 days.

dinotefuran (venom and scorpion) is a neonicotinoid insecticide registered for use on peaches and nectarines for control of stink bugs and plum curculio, among others. Venom is formulated as a 70SG and is labeled for use at 2 -4 oz per acre, while Scorpion is formulated as a 35SL and used at rates from 3.5 – 7 fl oz per acre, depending on the target pest.  A seasonal maximum of 8 oz of Venom and 10.5 fl oz of Scorpion can be applied per acre. While having utility at these rates against plum curculio, possibly the native stink bugs and a few others, the highest rate labeled for both products may not provide adequate protection from brown marmorated stink bug.  For this reason, both products have received a Section 18 Emergency Exemption for use in pome and stone fruit each year since 2011. The Section 18 label permits their use at rates higher than those described above, specifically to manage injury from brown marmorated stink bug, but must be renewed before each growing season. Contact your Extension Specialist to confirm whether a Section 18 label has been granted for the upcoming season before using these products in pome fruit or before using them in peaches and nectarines at the higher rates. REI = 12 hours; PHI = 3 days.

ESFENVALERATE (ADJOURN, ASANA XL) is a pyrethroid insecticide registered for use on apple, peach, and pear. Esfenvalerate is formulated as a 0.66 EC; it provides broad-spectrum insect control at low rates of application. Esfenvalerate is also highly toxic to beneficial insects. Postbloom application usually results in a severe mite outbreak. Esfenvalerate is only recommended for the prebloom control of pear psylla on pear. On apple, it is recommended for prebloom insect control and is occasionally used for late season (after mid-August) control of leafrollers and internal worms in blocks with low mite populations.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 21 days (apple), 28 days (pear), 14 days (stone fruits).

ETOXAZOLE (ZEAL) is an acaricide/ovicide registered for mite control on pome and stone fruits. It is a growth regulator that inhibits the molting process through disruption of the cell membrane. It acts as an ovicide, stops the development of immature mite stages and sterilizes adult mites. Since Zeal does not kill adult mites it may take a week or more to cause a reduction in the mite population. Therefore, Zeal is best used in an early-season preventative approach or targeted against a low mite threshold. Formulated as a 72WDG, it is labeled for use at 2 to 3 oz per acre. One and two applications per season are permitted in pome and stone fruits, respectively, with maximum seasonal use of 3 oz in pome fruits and 6 oz per acre in stone fruit fruits. Zeal must not be used with an adjuvant or surfactant on stone fruits. REI = 12-hours, PHI = 14-day PHI (pome fruits), 7-days (stone fruits).

FENBUTATIN OXIDE (VENDEX) is an acaricide recommended in the 50W formulation; a 4L is also available. It is effective against European red mite and twospotted spider mite, though relatively safe for predatory mites. Rates are 4-8 oz./100 gal., or 1-2 lb. per acre concentrate (1-3 lb. in apple). On apple and pear, do not apply more than 4 sprays/season; on peach, plum, prune and cherry, not more than two sprays.  REI = 48-hours; PHI = 14 days.

FENPROPATHRIN (DANITOL) is a pyrethroid insecticide-miticide registered as a 2.4EC (emulsifiable concentrate) for use on pome and stone fruits. It provides broad-spectrum insect control and has demonstrated activity against spider mites. Because it is also highly toxic to beneficial insects, its use in the post-bloom period can still result in mites outbreaks, depending upon the mite population level and the number of applications. In apple and pear, Danitol is currently recommended primarily for prebloom use and possibly for use late season (after mid-August) on apple for control of leafrollers, internal worms and stink bugs. In peach, Danitol is recommended for use in the prebloom through first cover. Applications are to be applied in a minimum of 100 gpa in both pome and stone fruits, at a rate of 10.7-21.3 fl oz/A and not to exceed 42.7 fl oz/A per season. REI = 24-hours; PHI = 14 days (pome fruits), 3 days (stone fruits).

FENPYROXIMATE (PORTAL) is a contact acaricide/insecticide registered on pome and stone fruit (Portal XLO formulation for both crops) for the control of various mite species, white apple leafhopper, and pear psylla. Like Nexter, its mode of action is to block cellular respiration by acting as a mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI). It also acts to inhibit molting of immature stages. Mite feeding and oviposition stop soon after application, with death occurring in 4-7 days. Formulated as a 5EC, Portal is used at the rate of 2 pints per acre. It should not be applied more than once per season, and should be rotated with products having a different mode of action where additional control is needed.  REI = 12 hours, PHI = 14 days (pome fruit), 7 days (stone fruit).

FLONICAMID (BELEAF) is a pyridinecarboxamide that is registered on all pome and stone fruits for the control of aphids and tarnished plant bug. It functions as a potassium channel blocker and acts through contact and ingestion to stop feeding, resulting in starvation. There is also some translaminar and systemic movement of the product into treated plant surfaces. Formulated as a 50SG, the application rate is 2.0 to 2.8 oz per acre in a minimum of 50 gallons of water per acre. A maximum of 3 applications and 8.4 oz per acre per season is permitted. REI = 12-hours; PHI = 14 days (stone fruits), 21 days (pome fruits).

FLUPYRADIFURONE (SIVANTO) is in a new class of insecticides known as butenolides that are reLated to neonicotinoids and registered for use in pome fruits against aphids (except woolly apple aphid) at rates of .0-10. fl oz/acre and pear psylla and scale at rates of 1.5-14.0 fl oz/acre.  Sivanto is formulated as a soluble liquid, has a Caution statement on the label and is considered relatively safe to bees.  It is systemic, with translaminar movement through leaves and from points of contact to leaf tips from foliar applications.  It is readily absorbed into leaf tissue and considered rainfast within 1 hour after the spray dries, but also has activity when applied before leaf flush.  Since Sivanto is related to neonicotinoids (Resistance Group 4), it should be rotated with products in other resistance groups that have efficacy against the targeted pests  for early season applications targeting San Jose scale and pear pyslla, it should be combined with horticultural oil. Maximum seasonal application is restricted to 28.0 fl oz per acre. REI = 4 hours, PHI = 14 says.

GAMMA-CYHALOTHRIN (DECLARE, PROAXIS) is a pyrethroid insecticide formulated as a 1.25CS and 0.5CS for controlling many pest insects on pome and stone fruits.  Declare is labeled for use at 1.02 to 2.05 fl oz per acre, with a seasonal maximum of 10.2 fl oz per acre and not more than 8.2 fl oz per acre in the post-bloom period.  Proaxis is labeled for use at 2.56 to 5.12 fl oz per acre, with a seasonal maximum of 25.6 fl oz per acre and not more than 20.5 fl oz per acre in the post-bloom period. It is important to note that use of products containing gamma-cyhalothrin will influence the use of other products containing the closely related compound, lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior, Lambda-Cy, Silencer, Voliam Xpress, Endigo) in the same season, since the seasonal maximum allowances for gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin are cumulative. Do not apply more than the combined seasonal maximum for both active ingredients. As with other pyrethroids, post-bloom use of these products may result in secondary pest outbreaks.  Restrictions: REI = 24 hours, PHI = 21 days for pome fruits and 14 days for stone fruits.

HEXYTHIAZOX (ONAGER, SAVEY) is an acaricide registered on apple, pear, peach, nectarine, cherry and apricot for the control of European red mite and twospotted spider mite. It has activity against eggs and very young mites, and should not be used in the same season as clofentezine (Apollo). Include another miticide if older mite stages are present. Hexythiazox is available as Savey 50 DFor Onager 1EC for use as a single application.  REI = 12-hours; PHI = 28 days

IMIDACLOPRID (ADMIRE PRO, ALIAS) is a neonicotinoid insecticide registered for use on pome and stone fruit. Admire Pro and Alias are formulated as a 4.6SC and a 4F, respectively, for control of aphids (except woolly apple aphid), leafminers, San Jose scale, June beetle, Japanese beetle, plant bugs, cherry fruit fly. Mealybugs, and pear psylla. Application of these products is restricted to the post-bloom period when bees are not foraging. The labelled application rate for Admire Pro is 1.4 – 2.8 fl oz per acre in pome and stone fruit, although 7.0 fl oz per acre is allowed in pear for mealybugs and pear psylla.  Alias 4F is labelled at rates of 1.6 – 3.2 fl oz per acre in pome and stone fruit, although 8.0 fl oz per acre can be used in pear (see labels for pest-specific rates). Seasonal maximum allowances for Admire Pro are 14.0 fl oz per acre in pome fruit, cherry, and plum, and 8.4 fl oz per acre in peach, nectarine, and apricot. Seasonal maximum allowances for Alias are 16.0 fl oz per acre in pome fruit, cherry, and plum, and 9.6 fl oz per acre in in peach, nectarine, and apricot. It is important to note that use of Leverage (see write-up) in the same season will influence the seasonal maximum allowance for these products. The minimum application interval for both products is 10 days in pome fruit, cherry, and plum, and 7 days in peach, nectarine, and apricot. Products containing imidacloprid may not be used in Lee County, VA, due to an endangered species restriction. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 7 days (pome fruit, cherry, plum), 0 days (peach, nectarine, apricot).

IMIDACLOPRID and BETA-CYFLUTHRIN (LEVERAGE) are neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides, respectively, that are pre-mixed in a suspension emulsion formulation that provides a broader spectrum of activity than either ingredient alone. Leverage 360 is registered for use on all pome and stone fruits. Since the product contains imidacloprid, its use is restricted to the post-bloom period. Also containing a pyrethroid, use of this product in the post-bloom period may cause secondary pests to flare. Apply in a minimum of 100 gpa in pome fruit and 50 gpa in stone fruit at 2.4 – 2.8 fl oz per acre. See label for details on the spectrum of pests controlled by this product. The seasonal maximum is 2.8 fl oz per acre in pome fruit and 5.6 fl oz per acre in stone fruit, but it is important to note that use of other products containing the same or closely-related active ingredients (Admire Pro, Alias, Baythroid, Tombstone) in the same season will influence the seasonal maximum allowance for Leverage. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 7 days. REI = 12 hours, PHI = 7 days.

INDOXACARB (AVAUNT) is the first member of the oxadiazine class of chemicals registered for insect control on pome and stone fruits. It is primarily effective against various lepidoptera, but also has activity against selected insects of other types. Avaunt acts primarily through ingestion by inhibiting sodium ion entry into nerve cells, resulting in paralysis and death of the pest species. Avaunt results in rapid inhibition of insect feeding, pest knockdown within 1 to 2 days, and provides crop protection for 7 to 14 days. This product has low mammalian toxicity (caution label) and is intermediate between OP's and pyrethroids in toxicity to beneficial insects and mites. Avaunt is limited to a maximum of 4 applications per season and total of 24 oz per acre.  REI = 12-hours; PHI = 14 days.

KAOLIN (SURROUND WP) is a specialized mineral that has been shaped, sized and formulated for use as an insecticide on pome and stone fruits. Applications of 25-50 lbs per 100-200 gals per acre form a white "particle film" barrier on treated surfaces. Thorough coverage must be maintained by multiple applications, usually every 7-10 days, for effective control. Possible modes of action may include repellency, deterrence to egg-laying, irritation, physical barrier and non-recognition of host. Surround has demonstrated good to excellent activity against pear psylla, leafhoppers, plum curculio, apple maggot and Japanese beetle. It is certified for organic fruit production and is exempt from tolerance requirements. Surround WP has a 4 hr REI and may be applied up to harvest.  However, it should not be applied beyond fourth cover to fresh market fruit that will not be washed before sale, in order to minimize the particle film residue. Similarly, it should not be applied beyond second cover to processing fruit, due to the physical effects of residues on juice filtration systems. It should not be applied beyond fourth cover on fruit for the fresh market that will not be washed before sale, in order to minimize the particle film residue. Season-long programs of Sur-round WP have improved color and reduced cracking of Stayman, and have reduced sunburn damage to apple in hot climates. The specific size and shape of the mineral particles permits photosynthetically active radiation to reach the leaf surface so that photosynthesis in not reduced by the particle film barrier.

LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN (WARRIOR, LAMBDA-CY, SILENCER) is a pyrethroid registered for control of numerous insect species on all pome and stone fruits. It is available in two encapsulated suspension formulations (Warrior 1CS, Warrior II 2CS) and in two emulsifiable concentrate formulations (1EC, Lambda-Cy, Silencer). The application rate for Warrior II is 1.28 – 2.56 fl oz per acre (0.02-0.04 lb ai/acre), with a seasonal maximum of 12.8 fl oz per acre (0.2 lb ai/acre) and a postbloom maximum of 10.24 fl oz (0.16 lb ai/acre). For Warrior, Lambda-Cy and Silencer, apply at 2.56-5.12 fl oz per acre (0.02-0.04 lb ai/acre), with a seasonal maximum of 25.6 fl oz per acre (0.2 lb ai/acre) and a postbloom maximum of 20.48 fl oz per acre (0.16 lb ai/acre). Like other pyrethroids, postbloom use of this product is likely to result in a mite outbreak.  Do not apply within 21 days of harvest on pome fruits and 14 days of harvest on stone fruits.  This pyrethroid is a restricted use pesticide with a warning label, and it has a 24-hour restricted-entry interval (REI). See label regarding seasonal maximum if Proaxis is also included in spray program. It is important to note that use of products containing lamda-cyhalothrin will influence the use of other products containing the same active ingredient (Voliam Xpress, Endigo) and those containing the closely related compound, gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare, Proaxis) in the same season, since the seasonal maximum allowances for gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin are cumulative. Do not apply more than the combined seasonal maximum for both active ingredients.  REI = 24-hours; PHI = 21 days (pome fruits), 14 days (stone fruits).

LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN AND CHLORANTRANILIPROLE (BESIEGE) is a pre-mix combination of 4.63% lambda-cyhalothrin and 9.26% chlorantraniliprole, and is available as a 1.25SC. The combination of these two active ingredients enables Besiege to provide broad spectrum control of over 25 sucking and chewing pests on pome fruits and over 15 pests on stone fruits. Application rate ranges from 6-12  fl. oz. per acre, with a seasonal maximum of four applications and 31 fl. oz. per acre. Apply in 75-150 gallons of water per acre, with a maximum of 200 gallons of water per acre for dilute applications. Do not use an adjuvant with Voliam xpress on cherries, nor within 60 days of harvest on pome fruits. Besiege is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or to residues on blooming crops. Therefore, do not apply the product, or allow it to drift, to blooming crops or weeds while bees are foraging adjacent to the treated area. In addition, the pyrethroid insecticide in this pre-mix is considered highly toxic to mite predators and likely to result in an increase in mite populations if used postbloom on pome fruits and after shuck fall on stone fruits. For resistance management, do not use Besiege against more than one generation of a given pest species per growing season, and do not use immediately before or after other Group 3 or Group 28 insecticides. The best fit of this product is late season on apple for the control of internal worms, leafrollers and stink bugs. Restrictions include an REI of 24 hours and PHI of 21 days on pome fruits and 14 days on stone fruits.  It is important to note that use of products containing lamda-cyhalothrin will influence the use of other products containing the same active ingredient (Besiege, Endigo) and those containing the closely related compound, gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare, Proaxis) in the same season, since the seasonal maximum allowances for gamma- and lambda-cyhalothrin are cumulative. Do not apply more than the combined seasonal maximum for both active ingredients.  REI = 24-hours; PHI = 21 days (pome fruits, 14 days (stone fruits).

LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN AND THIAMETHOXAM (ENDIGO) is a pre-mix combination of these two active ingredients, formulated as an aqueous-based formulation, and labeled for use in pome and stone fruit against many pest insects. It is highly toxic to bees and may not be applied after early pre-bloom growth stages or before post-bloom (petal fall). Its labeled rate range is 5.0 to 6.0 fl oz, with a seasonal maximum of 28.0 fl oz in pome fruit and 19.0 fl oz in stone fruit. It is important to note that use of Endigo and other products containing lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior, Lambda-Cy, Silencer, Besiege), gamma-cyhalothrin (Declare, Proaxis) or thiamethoxam (Actara, Voliam Flexi) in the same season will contribute to the seasonal maximum allowances for these active ingredients. REI = 24 hours, PHI = 35 days (pome fruit). 14 days (stone fruit).

MATING DISRUPTION is based on the use of formulated insect sex pheromones to interfere with the communication between males and females of the target species, resulting in a reduced incidence of mating, and therefore egg-laying.  Mating disruption products are marketed by several companies under trade names including Isomate, Checkmate, Disrupt Microflake, and Cidetrack.  There are several different kinds of hand-placed rope or clip-on dispensers that are specific for codling moth, oriental fruit moth, peach borers, or dogwood borer.  For codling moth and oriental fruit moth, pheromone “Puffers” and laminated, sprayable microflake dispensers are also available, and for oriental fruit moth, a sprayable microencapsulated formulation.  Some mating disruption formulations simultaneously affect codling moth and oriental fruit moth and another disrupts both peach borer species. The length of control provided by hand-placed dispensers for codling moth and oriental fruit moth vary according to the formulation. Some provide full season control while others are re-deployed during the season. The sprayable microencapsulated product for oriental fruit moth is applied against each generation.  Products for peachborers and dogwood borer provide full season control. Mating disruption is best if initiated just before the beginning of adult flight of the target species each season or each generation. Regular monitoring of the target species with pheromone traps in disrupted orchard blocks is recommended; effective mating disruption should eliminate captures or reduce them substantially. Mating disruption may or may not be used as a “stand-alone” tactic, depending upon the species and the pest pressure, and supplemental use of insecticides or other tools (e.g. codling moth virus) may be required initially. It is important to consult a fruit entomologist or a company technical representative prior to using mating disruption for the first time, since the rates of dispenser deployment and other factors vary among different situations. For further information about specific mating disruption products, see the links below:  www.pacificbiocontrol.com/Pacific_Biocontrol_Corporation/Labels_%26_MSDS.html
suterra.com/mating-disruption
www.trece.com/agcon.html

www.herconenviron.com/agriculture-stored-products.php#mating

METHOMYL (LANNATE) insecticide is registered for use on apple for control of aphid, budmoth, codling moth, leafroller, and leafhopper, and on peach for oriental fruit moth control.  A SLN 24(c) label is also available for use on nectarines in Virginia.  Two formulations are available, Lannate LV (2.4 lb/gal) and Lannate 90SP. Methomyl has demonstrated ovicidal activity against variegated leafroller and tufted apple budmoth.  REI = days (apple and nectarine), 4 days (peaches), 2 days (all others); See Table 26 for PHI.

METHOXYFENOZIDE (INTREPID) is an insect growth regulator that is the second motl accelerating compound (MAC) to receive registration.  It has selective activity against lepidopterous pests, controlling the larval stage by initiating a premature molt that results in  death from starvation and dehydration.  Because this activity is expressed primarily through larval ingestion of treated surfaces, thorough coverage is necessary for effective control.  Due to its low toxicity to beneficial insects, Intrepid has a good fit in IPM programs.  It is registered on pome and stone fruits for control of oriental fruit moth, lesser appleworm, spotted tentiform leafminer and various leafroller species, with suppression of codling moth at the highest labeled rate.  REI = 4-hours; PHI = 14 days (pome fruits), 7 days (nectarine, peach and plum).

NOVALURON (RIMON) is registered on apple for the control of codling moth, oriental fruit moth, and various leafroller species.  Rimon is an insect growth regulator that interferes with the insect’s ability to form chitin, thus disrupting the molting process.  Therefore, it is effective only against the immature stages of insects, and will not kill adults.  Route of insect entry is primarily through ingestion, with some contact activity.   Toxicity to eggs has also been demonstrated for some insect species.  For most effective control, applications of Rimon should be initiated at the beginning of egg-laying for codling moth and oriental fruit moth, and at the beginning of egg hatch for leafroller species. Rimon is available as a 0.83EC and applied at the rate of 20-40 oz/acre, with a maximum of 4 applications (150 oz/acre) per season.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 14 days.

OILS (superior-type) result from a high degree of refining. The minimum specifications for three weights of superior oil are:
                                                                       VISCOSITY
PROPERTY*                                            60 sec.   70 sec.   100 sec.
Viscosity 1 at 100 o F, sec. (max.)                    63          75          90-120
Gravity, 2 API (minches)                              35               34          31
Unsulfonated residue, 3 (minches)              94               92           90
Pour Point, 4 0 F (max.)                               20              20           30
Distillation, 5 10 mm Hg. o F 50% point    412 + 8     435 + 8
10 to 90% range o F (max.)                         65               80
* - Determined according to the following ASTM Methods: 1 D-445-65 and D-2161-66; 2 D-287-67; 3 D-483-63; 4 D-97-66;  5 D-1160-61

Some spray oils, when mixed with other materials and with water from certain water supplies, result in an uneven distribu-tion of these materials in the spray tank. The oil appears to capture some materials and form large globules that separate from the water in the absence of vigorous agitation. Some mixtures cannot be made satisfactorily even with intense agitation. It is suggested that the compatibility of the oil with the other materials be tested by adding small amounts to water in a glass jar and stirring. If the mixture can be kept from separating by stirring, it should be all right for use. Some summer oils (Ultra Fine oil) have been shown to be effective against European red mites when three applications are made in the early post-bloom period.

OXAMYL (VYDATE L) is registered on apple and pear for the control of aphids, mites, white apple leafhopper and tentiform leafminer at the rate of 1 to 2 pts per 100 gal of dilute spray. Vydate L will thin fruit if applied within 30 days after full bloom and has a SLN 24 (c) registration for such use in Virginia and West Virginia.  REI = 48-hours; PHI = 14 days

PERMETHRIN (AMBUSH, PERM-UP, POUNCE) is a pyrethroid insecticide registered for use on apple, pear, peach, nectarine, and cherry. Applications are limited to dormant to prebloom on pear, and through petal fall on apple. It is recommended for the prebloom control of spotted tentiform leafminer (apple), plant bugs (apple, peach, nectarine, pear), and pear psylla (pear). Use of this product increases the risk of mite outbreaks, especially when applied after bloom. Permethrin is available as both 3.2EC (Perm-UP, Pounce) and 25WP (Ambush, Perm-UP, Pounce) formulations. REI = 12-hour; PHI = 3-days (cherry), 14-days (peach and nectarine).

PHOSMET (IMIDAN) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide formulated as a 70W powder. It is registered for use on a number of fruit pests, including codling moth, plum curculio, redbanded leafroller, oriental fruit moth, apple maggot and others.  Imidan may not be used on sweet cherries.  While phosmet is rated as good against native stink bugs, it is ineffective against brown marmorated stink bug.  REI = 12-hours; PHI = 14 days.

PROPARGITE (OMITE 30WS) is an acaricide that is available for non-bearing pome and stone fruits, and is used at the rate of 6 lb/A or 2 lb/100 gal of spray. It has performed well in mite control on apple. Omite is most effective during the warmer summer months, and its full effectiveness requires from 4 days to a week. It should not be used more than two times a season.  REI = 48-hours.

PYRIDABEN (NEXTER) is a contact acaricide/insecticide that has a unique mode of action as a mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor (METI), blocking cellular respiration. It therefore has efficacy against mite populations resistant to other acaricides. No more than two applications 30 days apart may be made per season; however control is fairly long-term, often exceeding 40 days. Nexter is moderately toxic to predators. Selection pressure toward resistance may be high because of the great mortality caused by Nexter.Application rate is 4.4-5.2 oz per acre for ERM and 8.8-10.7 oz per acre for TSM.   REI = 12-hours; PHI = 25 days (apple), 300 days (cherries), and 7 days (all others).

PYRIPROXYFEN (ESTEEM) is an insect growth regulator that inhibits the development of eggs and immature stages and adult emergence of target insects. Although this product has no direct activity on adult insects, the hatching of eggs laid by treated adults is often suppressed. Because activity of this product depends on insect development, evidence of control will be slower than with typical contact insecticides. Available as a 35 WP, Esteem is registered on apple for the control of aphids, leafminers, San Jose scale and codling moth, and on stone fruits for San Jose scale. It is also registered on pear for the control of pear psylla, San Jose scale and codling moth. As a resistance management strategy, use is limited to two applications per season at a rate of 4-5 oz per acre.  REI = 12-hours; PHI = 45 days (pome fruit), 14 days (stone fruits).

SPINETORAM (DELEGATE) Spinetoram is related to spinosad, and is derived from the fermentation, followed by the chemical modification of a naturally occurring soil organism. This product affects the insect nervous system through both contact and ingestion, with excellent translaminar activity. Targeted pests in this area include internal worms (codling moth, oriental fruit moth), leafrollers, and leafminers on apple; pear psylla on pear; and oriental fruit moth, leafrollers, thrips, and cherry fruit fly on stone fruits. Addition of an adjuvant may improve control of thrips, leafminers, and pear psylla. Delegate will only provide suppression of apple maggot and plum curculio. This product has demonstrated excellent control of internal worms and leafrollers in tests conducted on apple in the mid-Atlantic region. Application rate is 4.5 to 7 oz per acre, with a seasonal maximum of four applications and 28 oz per acre. To reduce the potential for resistance development, Delegate should not be applied to consecutive insect generations, but rotated with other chemistries for the management of internal worms and leafrollers. REI = 4-hours; PHI = 14-days (apricot), 7-day (apple, pear, cherry, plum, and prune), and  and 1 day (peach and nectarine).

SPINOSAD (ENTRUST) belongs to the Naturalyte class of insecticides, derived from a soil microorganism, and has been designated by EPA as a reduced risk pesticide because of low toxicity and environmental benefits.  This product is listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) as an option for organic pest management.  It is registered on apple at 2-3 oz/A and on stone fruits at 1.25-2.5 oz/A, and provides good control of tufted apple bud moth, variegated leafroller, obliquebanded leafroller, spotted tentiform leafminer and western flower thrips. Entrust is a nerve poison that provides control by contact and ingestion, with fairly short residual activity. Leafminer control is enhanced by the addition of a penetrating agent.  The mode of action is unique.  REI = 4-hours; PHI = 7 days (apple, cherry and plum), 1 day (peach).

SPIRODICLOFEN (ENVIDOR) is an acaricide registered for use on all pome and stone fruits for the control of European red mite, twospotted spider mite, apple and pear rust mites, and peach silver mite.  The active ingredient acts as a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor, with contact activity against mite eggs, immature stages and adult females; adult males are not affected.  Due to its insect growth regulator properties, Envidor should be applied on a preventive basis or at a low mite threshold, with performance evaluation conducted 4-10 days following application.  Formulated as a 2SC, the application rate is 16-18 oz per acre, with a maximum of one application per season.  Minimum application volume (ground application only) is 50 gal/acre on stone fruits and 100 gal/acre on pome fruits.  REI = 12 hours; PHI =  7 days.

SPIROTETRAMAT (MOVENTO) is registered for the control of sucking insect pests on all pome and stone fruits. It is a systemic foliar insecticide that belongs to the tetramic acid chemical class (same class as Envidor®) and is classified as a lipid biosynthesis inhibitor. Movento is active by ingestion against the immature stages of aphids, scale, and pear psylla, and also has impact on exposed female adults by reducing fecundity and survival of offspring. Upon penetration of the leaf cuticle, Movento exhibits “2-way systemicity” by moving to all areas of the plant, including new shoot, leaf and root tissues. Formulated as a 2SC, rate of application is 6-9 fl oz per acre, with a seasonal maximum of 15.3 fl oz per acre on stone fruits and 25 fl oz per acre on pome fruits. Movento should not be applied prior to petal fall in order for sufficient leaf tissue to be present for uptake and translocation. In addition, Movento must be tank-mixed with a spray adjuvant/additive having spreading and penetrating properties to maximize leaf uptake and systemicity of the product within treated plants. However, the use of Induce® adjuvant in combination with Movento is prohibited on pome and stone fruits when fruits are present due to adverse plant compatibility.  REI = 24-hours; PHI of 7 days.

Sulfoxaflor (closer) is a systemic insecticide that is related to the neonicotinoid class of chemicals and registered for use in all pome and stone fruits and provides control through contact and ingestion. It is especially effective against aphids, leafhoppers and plant bugs. Closer is formulated as a soluble concentrate (SC) for use at rates ranging from 1.5 – 5.75 fl oz/acre, depending on the target pest. It can be used only after petal fall and up to four applications per season are permitted, with not more than two consecutive applications per crop and a seasonal maximum of 17 fl oz per acre. This compound has acute toxicity to bees via ingestion or direct contact and if blooming vegetation is present 12 feet out from the downwind edge of the field, a downwind 12-foot buffer must be observed. REI = 12 hours; PHI = 7 days.

THIAMETHOXAM (ACTARA) is a systemic insecticide in the neonicotinoid class of chemicals that is registered for insect control on all pome and stone fruits. It provides control through contact and ingestion, and is especially effective against aphids, leafhoppers, leafminers, and pear psylla. Actara is available as a 25WG and may be used during both the prebloom and postbloom periods at rates of 2.0 to 5.5 oz per acre, depending upon insect species. Prebloom use is limited to one application on all tree fruits. A season maximum of 8 oz per acre is permitted.  It is important to note that use of Actara and other products containing thiamethoxam (Endigo, Voliam Flexi) in the same season will contribute to the seasonal maximum allowance for this active ingredient.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 14 days on stone fruits, 14 days on pome fruits for rates up to 2.75 oz per acre, and 35 days on pome fruits for higher rates. 

THIAMETHOXAM AND CHLORANTRANILIPROLE (VOLIAM FLEXI) is a pre-mix combination of 20% of each active ingredient, and is available as a 40WDG. The combination of these two active ingredients enables Voliam flexi to provide broad spectrum control of over 15 sucking and chewing pests on pome fruits and over 10 pests on stone fruits. Application rate ranges from 4-7 oz per acre, depending upon the target pest, with a seasonal maximum of four applications and 16 oz per acre on pome fruits, and three applications and 14 oz per acre on stone fruits. Apply in a minimum of 100 gallons of water per acre. Do not use an adjuvant with Voliam flexi on cherries, nor within 60 days of harvest on pome fruits. Voliam flexi is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or to residues on blooming crops. Therefore, do not apply after early pink through bloom in apple; after green cluster bud through bloom in pear; and from swollen bud through bloom in stone fruits. In addition, wait at least five days before placing beehives in a treated orchard. For resistance management, do not use more than two consecutive applications of Voliam flexi, and do not use immediately before or after other Group 4A or Group 28 insecticides. The best fit of this product on apple is for first generation codling moth. This timing will also control plum curculio, spirea aphids, and early egg hatch of tufted apple bud moth. The best fit on peaches is from petal fall through shuck fall for the control of plum curculio, tarnished plant bug, stink bugs and green peach aphids.  It is important to note that use of Voliam Flexi and other products containing thiamethoxam (Actara, Endigo) in the same season will contribute to the seasonal maximum allowance for this active ingredient.  REI = 12 hours; PHI = 35 days (pome fruits), 14 day (stone fruits).

Tolfenpyrad (Apta) is a Group 21A insecticide registered for use on stone fruits for control of aphids, leafhoppers, plum curculio, apple and cherry maggot, and leafrollers.  Apta is formulated as a soluble concentrate (SC) for use at rates ranging from 14-27 fl oz per acre, depending upon the target pest.  Complete sprays are recommended using a minimum of 50 GPA. Apta is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or to residues on plant surfaces. Therefore, do not apply the product, or allow it to drift, to blooming crops or weeds while bees are foraging adjacent to the treated area. A maximum of 2 applications and 54 fl oz per acre per season is permitted.  REI = 12 hours, PHI = 14 days.

ZETA-CYPERMETHRIN (MUSTANG MAXX) is a 0.8EC pyrethroid insecticide registered for the control of numerous insect species on pome and stone fruits. Rate of application is 1.28 to 4.0 fl oz per acre, with a seasonal maximum of 24 fl oz per acre. As with other pyrethroids, this product is highly toxic to mite predators, and postbloom use is more likely to result in an increase in mite populations. REI = 12-hour; PHI = 14-days.

Table 3.  Insecticides certified by Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) for organic pest control.